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Combinatorics

Combinatorics problems often reward turning a messy object into a countable structure. Look for symmetry, complementary counting, bijections, recurrence relations, invariants, and extremal choices.

  • Define the object being counted before choosing a method.
  • Check small cases and search for a stable pattern.
  • Look for double-counting identities and bijections.
  • Track invariants when a process evolves over time.
  • Use extremal arguments when a largest, smallest, first, or last object is forced.
  • Count the same set two ways.
  • Pair objects with simpler objects.
  • Break into cases only after choosing a useful statistic.
  • Replace a process with an invariant or monovariant.

Practice problems

Tags: combinatorics

Problem Source Difficulty Tags
AMC 12 2021 #25 AMC 12 2 combinatorics
Putnam 2023 A1 Putnam 3 combinatorics, number-theory